The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers Essay Example

The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers Paper The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers Treasury Bond Scandal- 1991 Executive Summary Salomon Brothers was at one time, the largest bulge bracket firm on Wall Street. Although it offered a number of financial services, it had established its name through the legacy of bond trading. Its bond trading department boasted of iconic traders of 1980’s era- John Meriwether and Myron Sholes. Salomon Brothers can be considered as the founder father of mortgaged back securities trading on the Wall Street, an area in which it was a near monopolist for a long time with not much competition from other firms. In 1981, Salomon Brothers which operated as partnership was taken over by Phibro Corporation and became known as Phibro-Salomon. With a lot of ups and downs in its fortune during the late 1980’s and early 1990’s, finally in 1997, it merged with Citigroup and became their Investment Banking arm called Salomon Smith Barney. Finally the existence of the name of â€Å"Salomon† ceased when Citigroup decided to drop the name in 2003 and branded its investment bank and underwriters as Citigroup Global Markets. We chose to work on the topic â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers† as this topic offers an insight into the development of a particular securities market- the Mortgaged backed securities, the dominance of the market player, the culture of the firm and finally the scandal which served as the turning point of fortunes of ‘once the market leader’ or metaphorically- the final nail in the coffin. Background Salomon Brothers was founded in New York City in 1910 when three brothers-Arthur, Herbert, and Percy Salomon broke away from their father Ferdinands money-brokerage operation and went into business for themselves. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise and Fall of Salomon Brothers specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The company was primarily a bond trading firm. The private company entered equities in the mid-1960s and between 1962 and 1964, Salomon more than tripled its underwriting business, from $276 million to $873 million. They entered investment banking in the early 1970s and established themselves with Pepsi-ICI merger among others. Since till 1981, the firm operated as a partnership, it had a close-knit culture and partners put the firm’s interest before their own. There were no issues over compensation or credit for work and slowly but surely Salomon was climbing the ladder of being a bulge bracket firm of Wall Street. As Salomon partner Abraham Eller once explained, â€Å". . . what helped make Salomon Brothers was not only the partners, but that the men they hired were hungry. †¦ We weren’t the sons of rich men. † However, in 1981, it was taken over by the Phibro Corporation and became a corporation with the name Phibro-Salomon Inc. until 1986, when Salomon gained control and changed the name of the parent company to Salomon Inc. In 1980’s under the leadership of John Gutfreund, Salomon participated in the leveraged-buyout boom of the 1980s and did deals like Xeroxs acquisition of Crum Foster and was also the adviser by ATT. In 1985, the firm’s peak year, Salomon brought in $760 million in pre-tax profits. In 1987, the company’s capital reached $3. 4 billion. Legislations which fuelled growth The following changes in legislation led to a conducive environment for bond trading and the development of the mortgage backed securities market which in turn impacted the fortunes of Salomon Brothers: * In 1979, the Federal Reserve announced that that the money supply would cease to fluctuate with the business cycle. Bond prices moved inversely with interest rates. Bonds became the means of â€Å"creating wealth rather than merely storing it. † The industry’s revenues rose from $16 billion in 1980 to $51. 8 billion in 1988. * In 1981, Congress passed a tax break which allowed thrifts to sell all their mortgage loans in order to put their money to work for higher returns. Subsequently, the volume of outstanding mortgage loans increased from $700 billion in 1976 to $1. 2 trillion in 1981, and the mortgage market surpassed the combined U. S. stock markets as the largest capital market in the world. The SEC’s Rule 415, enacted in 1982, where corporations were allowed to register in advance all the securities they intended to issue over the next two-year span (â€Å"shelf registrations†) and Salomon Brothers was the industry’s leader. * The protection of the Glass-Steagall Act, which stopped commercial banks to underwrite and distribute most securities ended and the competition intensified. Overall, the beginning o f the 1980’s decade led to an explosive growth in the bond markets and Salomon was ready to jump on the opportunity as it was one of the few Wall Street firms to have a proper mortgage trading department. Culture of the firm In order to understand the culture of the firm, we read the book Liar’s Poker written by Michael Lewis who was a bond salesman in Salomon Brothers and gives an inside account of the culture prevalent in the firm. Bond Traders and Salesmen: The two major classes of people at Salomon were the bond traders and salesmen. More than any other firm on the Wall Street, Salomon was run by bond traders who kept an eye on the market and made most of arbitrage opportunities while the salesmen gave information to the traders about the sentiments in market. The CEO of the company John Gutfreund also started off as a trader and spent his time at a large desk over seeing one end of Salomon’s bond trading room. The trading floor—the 41st floor, which was known as â€Å"Power Central†Ã¢â‚¬â€was actually the power centre of the firm. He promoted an environment of risk-taking and agility and the Salomon Trading floor had minimal supervision, minimal controls and no position limits. That is, a trader could buy or sell as many bonds as he thought appropriate without asking. With an increase in business, the firm recruited widely. The firm, which had employed 2,000 people in 1982, tripled to 6,000 people by 1987. † Due to excessive focus on generating revenues, one insider put it as, â€Å"competing fiefdoms replaced interconnected businesses. † and â€Å"Making money was mostly what mattered. † Also, the mortgage department which made the maximum money had a culture of its own promoted by Ranieri (head of the department) which alienated it even more. According to Ranieri, â€Å"The reason everything was separate was because no one in the firm would help us. They wanted us to fail. † The Scandal This scandal was unique in itself as it shook the foundation of the sacrosanct $2. trillion government securities market which was considered too big to rig. The conventional wisdom was shaken to a great extent and regulations tightened for all the 40 primary designated dealers of T-bills and government bonds. Orchestration of the fraud: Paul Mozer, Managing Director of Salomon Inc. ’s government securities trading desk, submitted three separate bids for the U. S. Treasury’s $9 billion 5-year treasury note auction on Feb. 21,1991. Each of the bids was for $3. 15 billion, or 35% of the total bond offering, the maximum bid the Treasury would recognize from any individual buyer. Since two of the bids were submitted under the names of outside firms who were Salomon customers, Warburg and Quantum, the Treasury accepted all three bids. The Treasury was unaware that only Mozer’s bid in Salomon’s name was legal. The other two were unauthorized customer bids placed by Mozer trying to get Salomon a larger share of the auction. However, what Mozer did not know was that Warburg had taken part in the auction with a $100mn bid and with combined bid of more than 35% in name of Warburg; Treasury started an investigation which uncovered the plot of Mozer. This scandal led to the firing of Mozer, resignation of the top brass including Gutfreund and a loss of reputation of Salomon Brothers which they never recovered. Aftermath: This scandal shook the confidence of participants in the government securities market and led to investigations by Federal Reserve Bank, the Justice Department and the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Treasury Department re-examined the records of every auction since 1986, a total of more than 200, searching for evidence of collusion with customers to violate the 35% rule. Salomon was fined $290 million as damages but it escaped criminal charges. The Treasury however, banned Salomon from bidding in Government Securities market. After the resignation of John Gutfreund, majority stakeholder Warren Buffet was made the chairman to revamp the organisation. He also convinced the Treasury to lift the ban as it would lead to Salomon towards bankruptcy. The firm became a victim of its own culture and finally the name of Salomon ceased to exist on the Wall Street which it had once dominated. Joining the dots Having done a course on Ethics, analysed case studies of Enron, WorldCom etc, made us realise that the frauds/scandals do not germinate over night; rather they are fruits of greed which is perpetrated by the Top management either directly or indirectly. As mentioned earlier, the culture of Salomon Brothers was such that traders were given a free hand as long as they generated revenues and were never questioned. This led to the audacity of Mozer wherein he submitted false bids not just the time when he was caught but in other auctions as well and had landed in trouble with the Treasury before. Had a proper system of reporting and accountability existed, the previous instances would have been known to top management and the entire scandal could have been averted which tarnished the reputation of the firm. At the same time, we believe, Treasury department should have been more vigilant as market participants i. e the 40 primary dealers could always collude and try to take the maximum out of the pie of the auction. Having a system which was transparent such that the bids could have been monitored by all the participants would have lead to detection of anomaly of bids in much short period of time without any extensive examination. The main learning that we can derive out of this study is twofold- * Promotion of Ethics and fair dealing as a part of corporate culture of the organisation following a top-down approach such that lower level employees get motivated from the conduct of senior levels * No matter who the participant is and the financial market in question, the regulator has to be vigilant at all times and have a stringent set of rules and regulations as well as penalties in place which deters market participants from erring. References: http://www. fundinguniverse. com/company-histories/Salomon-Inc-Company-History. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Salomon_Brothers#Long_Term_Capital_Management http://www. time. com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973726-2,00. html http://www. answers. com/topic/salomon-brothers Robert Sobel, Salomon Brothers 1910-85: Advancing to Leadership Michael Lewis, Liar’s Poker Salomon Brothers: â€Å"Apologies are Bullshit†- pdf

List of Elements in the Transition Metal Group

List of Elements in the Transition Metal Group The largest group of elements on the periodic table is that of the transition metals, which is found in the middle of the table. Also, the two rows of elements below the main body of the periodic table (the lanthanides and actinides) are special subsets of these metals. These elements are called transition metals because the electrons of their atoms make the transition to filling the d subshell or d sublevel orbital. Thus, the transition metals are also known as the d-block elements.   Here is a list of elements that are considered to be transition metals or transition elements. This list does not include the lanthanides or actinides, just the elements in the main part of the table. List of Elements That Are Transition Metals ScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincYttriumZirconiumNiobiumMolybdenumTechnetiumRutheniumRhodiumPalladiumSilverCadmiumLanthanum, sometimes (often considered a rare earth, lanthanide)HafniumTantalumTungstenRheniumOsmiumIridiumPlatinumGoldMercuryActinium, sometimes (often considered a rare earth, actinide)RutherfordiumDubniumSeaborgiumBohriumHassiumMeitneriumDarmstadtiumRoentgeniumCopernicium  presumably is  a transition metal. Transition Metal Properties The transition metals are the elements you normally think of when you imagine a metal. These elements share properties in common with each other: They are excellent conductors of heat and electricity.The transition metals are malleable (easily hammered into shape or bent).These metals tend to be very hard.Transition metals look shiny and metallic. Most transition metals are grayish or white (like iron or silver), but gold and copper have colors not seen in any other elements on the periodic table.The transition metals, as a group, have high melting points. The exception is mercury, which is a liquid at room temperature. By extension, these elements also have high boiling points.Their d orbitals become progressively filled as you move from left to right across the periodic table. Because the subshell is not filled, atoms of the transition metals have positive oxidation states and also display more than one oxidation state. For example, iron commonly carries a 3 or 2 oxidation state. Copper may have a 1 or 2 oxidation state. The positive oxidation state means the transition metals typically form ionic or partially ionic compound s. Atoms of these elements have low ionization energies.Transition metals form colored complexes, so their compounds and solutions may be colorful. The complexes split the d orbital into two energy sublevels  so they absorb specific wavelengths of light. Because of the different oxidation states, its possible for one element to produce complexes and solutions in a wide range of colors.Although the transition metals are reactive, they are not as reactive as elements belonging to the alkali metals group.Many transition metals form paramagnetic compounds.

Design an org Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Design an org - Term Paper Example It will be a non-profit organization that seeks to popularize space sports because of the perceived benefits of the same. In that connection, it will have a vibrant marketing team to recruit followers and a finance department to track expenditure and other financial implications. Finally, there will be a technical team to advice on the realities of playing basketball in outer space. In outer space, there is little gravity (Asimov, 2006). As such, the rules that apply to basketball on earth cannot apply to Mars. For example, since there is no gravity on Mars, one of the rules will be that that basketball passes through the ring from below and not from above. There also needs to be a rule on the standard basketball court applicable in outer space (Labossià ¨re et al., n.d). Most likely, it should be an enclosed structure with a ceiling to decelerate and stop the ball when it goes up. There could also be more points for an opponent who rescues a team member stuck on the ceiling because they jumped too high. All conflicts arising from outer space basketball will be directed to this body. Inevitably, human interactions are known to be incubators of discord. Any emerging differences will be reconciled in a hearing presided over by the Federation. The Federation will also be tasked with the responsibility of generating a calendar of activities throughout the year. Various tournaments will be organized, planned and executed in the year. Strict adherence to the annual events will fully integrate the sport in the society and create its indispensability. It is very unfortunate that there is very little that happens in outer space in the form of entertainment. Entertainment is necessary to rejuvenate the spirit after a hard day. It could even be a disincentive for more scientists to explore the universe. The Federation will seek to add glamor to space visits. The goal of tourism is poised to be a long-term economic breakthrough for interested

Robert Gross - The Minute Men and their World Essay

Robert Gross - The Minute Men and their World - Essay Example He overall provides a stirring view of late eighteenth century New England on the cusp of revolution and freedom. In Concord town politics, though the inhabitants denied it, were as usual. Voting rights were severely restricted and limited the number of men eligible for town leadership. Wealth and leisure time further diminished the pool. Only those with enough of both were able to rise to serve the needs of their fellow men sufficiently. Money and position piled on top of place to complicate life. As a thriving center of commerce, Concord hosted both a bustling town business center and a sprawling farmland. Conflicts between urban and rural inhabitants over basic infrastructure needs excited the assemblies on a regular basis. Schooling, religion, and roads all served a different constituency and for them all to be centered in town was seen as a disservice to the rural community who â€Å"had to walk into town in everyday stockings and shoes then for the sake of appearances top in a field and change into their go-to-meeting slippers.†1 Church itself posed a mighty challenge to the unity of Concord’s inhabitants. During the Great Awakening a new preacher ignited fervor among the young and vital in town. His bowing to the interests of youth to fill pews offended the staunch faithful and, somewhat along geographical lines, they broke off to form a second parish. When a new, young preacher replaced the first, a spendthrift schemer, one of the old timers, sought membership in the original parish. His questionable ethics toward his fellow Concordians led to his rejection by the congregation. By extension the outlying parish took this to heart and read into it a refusal to consider reconciliation. Then the same man took his grievances to the political realm and again lost. Concord was indeed a town divided. While the inhabitants of Concord simmered in their own stew of religious discord the colonies entered a period of contention with mother England. The Stamp Act triggered a wave of protests across the colonies and in Boston, party faithfuls organized a vote to recognize Parliament’s actions. When the vote came through it was barely shy of the necessary numbers to pass and demonstrate Massachusetts’ loyalty to the crown. A bitter disappointment to Governor Hutchinson, surely, but one that triggered a wave of political backlash. Much like today’s Tea Party, farmers and businessmen who saw their interests hindered by England’s acts of taxation, mounted an ideological revolt. They organized a revolution at the polls and saw to it that nineteen of thirty-two representatives to Boston were replaced for their efforts of royalist loyalty. In Concord, little interest sparked at the events plaguing the colony. When the vote came to replace their own man, Charles Prescott, they safely returned him to his role. Their concerns lay more in the sixty-six pound expense of burying the Great Awaking pastor, Reverend Dan iel Bliss, and in finding his replacement than in subverting England’s fiscal policy toward the colonies. When the Boston Massacre rent headlines, Concord barely paused to comment. Of greater import a debate about relocating the Middlesex County seat from Cambridge to Concord. A matter of convenience more important than matters of state. Gradually, however, the people of Concord came around. In 1772 the Boston Committee of Correspondence wrote seeking a

Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Decision Making - Essay Example The data is about the education level of the selected population. There are seven sub-categories in which the data is distributed. It explains the different levels of educational qualification for the population. Classification into seven categories is too detailed and is not relevant for the company's marketing strategies. The Company is engaged in the business of snack foods, an item that is favored by almost all sections of the society. Moreover some category contains data that are too small to be of significance. Hence the numbers of categories have been reduced to three. The methodology used was to aggregate all data that showed a value of less than 10%. Only Bachelor's Degree (44.9%) and Graduate Degree (33.99%) have been shown separately. All the rest of the categories have been shown under the heading "Others'. The table indicates that out of every 100 persons, about 44 people are having qualified with a Bachelors Degree and almost 40 persons have a Graduate Degree. The category others include persons holding other degrees, undergraduates, those who have attended college but do not possess any degrees (probably because they dropped out) and those who have attended school. It can be assumed that targeting those with degrees could be more rewarding since they are in a position to earn better salaries. Snack foods do not come under the category of necessities and hence people with more income tend to spend more on such items. So the last category can be given the least importance. Data has not been reduced, only aggregated. Since the data is given in percentages and adds up to 100, the value of 21.82% pertaining to "Others' was obtained through simple addition of values of the individual categories included there. Census Trend 1980 to 2000 Summary Report - Basic Variables: The table shows the increase in population starting form 1980 to 2000. 1980 1990 2000 Total Population: Male + Female 57,441 61,469 64,637 Male Only 29410 31964 33030 Female only 28031 29505 31607 It can be seen that the number of males and females are almost equal and hence both of them should be given importance when formulating marketing strategies. There is a small growth in population to the tune of 7% in 1990 and 5% in 2000. Average number of persons living in a house is low. This indicates that there is a large number of people living alone. Data has been reduced as well as aggregated. The point has been put across sufficiently with the data in the above table. Occupation and Employment Summary Report - Means of Transportation to Work: This indicates the different modes of transport used by people going for work. This is relevant since people could eat snack food during time spent in traveling. Those driving alone are not in a position to do this and they are not included here. So the table has been prepared according to the possibility of eating while traveling. Mode Percentage Time Taken (In Minutes) Possibility Subway 22.6 45 - 59 Yes - Has most time and high numbers Bus or Trolley 15.5 5 - 9 Yes - Less time Carpooled 7.0 10 - 14 Yes - More time, but less chance Walked 6.0 90 or more Yes - Low numbers, highest time Worked at home 4.3 Work at home Yes - High chance but low numbers Taxi 2.4 60 - 89 Yes - High Chance but low numbers Others who can eat 0.9 35 - 44 Yes- High chance but

The Rayleigh Ritz Method Computer Science Essay

The Rayleigh Ritz Method Computer Science Essay The given assignment is done with the soul purpose of developing an intense knowledge and understanding of vibrational behaviour and dynamic response of structures. The assignment aims to apply up to date methods of structural dynamics in aerospace and aerospace system engineering. Here we use Rayleigh-Ritz method and Finite Element method to obtain the natural frequency and mode shape of the given cantilever beam. 1. Rayleigh-Ritz Method Rayleigh-Ritz method is an extension of the Rayleigh method which was developed by the Swiss mathematician and physicist Walter Ritz. Its one of the widely used method to calculate more accurate value of fundamental frequency, further it also gives approximations to the higher frequencies and mode shapes. In the Ritz method the single shape function is replaced by a series of shape functions multiplied by constant coefficients, that is the single function of deflection choose in Rayleigh method is assumed to be a sum of several functions multiplied by constant coefficients. The coefficients values are modified by reducing the frequency with respect to each of the coefficients, which result in n algebraic equations in. The solution of these equations will give the value of natural frequency and mode shapes of the system. It should be taken into account that the success of the method is only possible so long as the shape function taken satisfies the geometric boundary conditions of the problem. The method should also be differentiable to the order of the derivatives of the equations. Here the function can ignore discontinuities like shear due to concentrated masses that involve third derivatives in beam. The Rayleigh-Ritz method is done by assuming the deflection curve of the beam by The function are the assumed displacement functions that satisfy geometrical boundary conditions. For a cantilever beam the boundary conditions are They are selected such that it is possible to obtain a good approximation to each of the required natural modes by superposition. The quantities are generalized coordinates representing contributions of each assumed functions. For a beam divided into à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ºn span wise stations the total differential equation can be formulate using Lagrange equation as Putting as a solution , where the amplitude of the displacement is, is the frequency and is the phase angle. This set of characteristics equations can be solved for n discrete values of . This equation can easily be put into a matrix form for numerical calculation as For a beam divided into n span wise station the mass and stiffness terms can be formulated into matrices as Where = matrix of assumed modes = mass matrix = matrix of weighting coefficients = rigidity matrix Hence we write as The above equation is considered to be convenient for computation, but has limitations in the manner of expressing the strain energy. Given Data Length L=1.5 Modulus of Elasticity E=74 GPa Poissons Ratio P=0.33 Material density The depth of the beam tapers uniformly from 0.3 at the fixed end to 0.1 at the free end. The breadth of the beam tapers uniformly from 0.02 at the fixed end to 0.005 at the free end. The assumed modes are given by the polynomial function: MATLAB Operation >> L=1.5 L = 1.5000 >>x=[0,0.15,0.3,0.45,0.6,0.75,0.9,1.05,1.2,1.35,1.5] x = 0 0.1500 0.3000 0.4500 0.6000 0.7500 0.9000 1.0500 1.2000 1.3500 1.5000 >> s=x/L s = 0 0.1000 0.2000 0.3000 0.4000 0.5000 0.6000 0.7000 0.8000 0.9000 1.0000 >> V1= 2*s.^2-(4/3)*s.^3+(1/3)*s.^4 V1 = 0 0.0187 0.0699 0.1467 0.2432 0.3542 0.4752 0.6027 0.7339 0.8667 1.0000 >> V2=(10/3)*s.^3-(10/3)*s.^4+s.^5 V2 = 0 0.0030 0.0217 0.0654 0.1382 0.2396 0.3658 0.5111 0.6690 0.8335 1.0000 >> V=[V1;V2] V = 0 0.0187 0.0699 0.1467 0.2432 0.3542 0.4752 0.6027 0.7339 0.8667 1.0000 0 0.0030 0.0217 0.0654 0.1382 0.2396 0.3658 0.5111 0.6690 0.8335 1.0000 >> dV1=(1/(L.^2))*(4-8*s+4*(s.^2)) dV1 = 1.7778 1.4400 1.1378 0.8711 0.6400 0.4444 0.2844 0.1600 0.0711 0.0178 0 >> dV2= (1/(L.^2))*(20*s-40*(s.^2)+20*(s.^3)) dV2 = 0 0.7200 1.1378 1.3067 1.2800 1.1111 0.8533 0.5600 0.2844 0.0800 0 >> dV=[dV1;dV2] dV = 1.7778 1.4400 1.1378 0.8711 0.6400 0.4444 0.2844 0.1600 0.0711 0.0178 0 0 0 .7200 1.1378 1.3067 1.2800 1.1111 0.8533 0.5600 0.2844 0.0800 0 Weighting matrix can be formulated using Trapezoidal rule, Simpsons rule and Lagranges Interpolation formula. By Lagranges interpolation formula if the beam is divided into 10 equal elements with spacing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ºd then weighting matrix is computed as: MATLAB Operation >> d=0.15 d = 0.1500 >> W1=(d/3.7266)*[1,6.616,-3.020,16.954,-16.216,26.599,-16.216,16.954, -3.020, 6.616,1] W1 = 0.0403 0.2663 -0.1216 0.6824 -0.6527 1.0706 -0.6527 0.6824 -0.1216 0.2663 0.0403 >> W=diag(W1) W = 0.0403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.1216 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0706 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.6527 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6824 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.1216 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2663 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0403 Mass matrix is a diagonal matrix representing the mass per unit length at the eleven span wise stations. The matrix can be calculated by Material density = 2700 The depth of the beam at a station with a distance x from the fixed end is given by Depth Similarly the breadth of the beam at a station with a distance x from the fixed end is given by Breadth MATLAB Operation >> h=0.3-(s*0.2) h = 0.3000 0.2800 0.2600 0.2400 0.2200 0.2000 0.1800 0.1600 0.1400 0.1200 0.1000 >> b=0.02-(s*0.015) b = 0.0200 0.0185 0.0170 0.0155 0.0140 0.0125 0.0110 0.0095 0.0080 0.0065 0.0050 >> m=2700*diag(b)*diag(h) m = 16.2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13.9860 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11.9340 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10.0440 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.3160 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.7500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5.3460 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.1040 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.0240 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.1060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3500 The Second moment of area of the beam is given by MATLAB Operation >> I=diag(h)*(diag(b).^3)/12 I = 1.0e-006 * 0.2000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1064 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0745 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0503 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0326 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0114 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0060 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0027 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0010 Rigidity matrix is the diagonal matrix that gives the product of modulus of elasticity and the second moment of area of the beam about the neutral axis. EI=74000000000*I EI = 1.0e+004 * 1.4800 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0933 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7877 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5511 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3723 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2409 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1477 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0846 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0442 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0203 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0077 Substituting in Rayleigh-Ritz equation: This gives Simplifying The above equation is a quadratic in , which can be solved = Result: The approximate values of the first and second natural frequencies of the given beam under flexural vibrations, by the use of Rayleigh- Ritz method, was found to be 2. Mode shapes Consider the equation Substituting the values of in the above equation and simplifying The column matrix that represents the mode shape at the eleven stations is obtained by putting, = 0.0578 Substituting the value of in the above equation and simplifying The column matrix that represents the mode shape at the eleven stations is obtained by putting, = 0.0693 3. Finite Element Method Finite Element Method (FEM) is considered to be one of the profound developments in the static and dynamics analysis of continuous systems. It provides a discrete approximation to vibration of continuous systems. The finite element method can be developed as a special case of the Rayleigh -Ritz method. The method was originally developed for the static- stress analysis of complex distributed parameter structures. Now a days FEM is widely applied to disciplines of heat transfer, electro magnetics, fluid flow and vibrations. In finite element method the structure is divided into a large number of small but finite parts called elements which are interconnected at points called nodes. For each element a displacement function is assumed which satisfies the geometric boundary condition so that continuity is achieved between the elements. The variations in displacement of each element( which can be linear, quadratic etc.), are assumed over the length of the element. This method allows the displacement of any point in the element to be expressed in terms of the displacement at the end of the element. These displacements by finite element terminology are called nodal variables. Unlike Rayleigh-Ritz in finite element method the global coordinate is replaced by a local coordinate where is the length of the element. The kinetic and strain energy of the element is obtained by integrating along the elements length, in terms of the nodal variables. By superposing the energies contributed by the individual elements into which the structure is divided, we can obtain the kinetic and strain energy of the structure or system in terms of the nodal variables of the whole structure. The finite element method is mainly based on variational principles. The method is considered very much versatile and can be used to physical problems with arbitrary shapes, loads and support conditions. The finite element model has a close resemblance to the actual structure. Many general finite element code packages have been written over the years with user friendly windows and menus (GUI) which allow for easy geometry setup, boundary condition manipulation and evaluation/post processing of common structural problems. Some of the most popular codes in the industry are ANSYS, MSC Nastran and MARC. ANSYS will be the code used for this assignment. ANSYS Operation Define Material Step 1: Set preferences Preferences are set in order to filter quantities that pertain to this discipline. Step 2: Define constant material properties. Modulus of elasticity, Poissons ratio and Density are defined. Step 3:- Modeling Create the beam with required geometry. Generating Mesh Step 4: Define element type Two element types are defined: a 2-D element and a 3-D element. The beam cross-sectional area is meshed with 2-D elements, and then the area is to be extruded to create a 3-D volume. The mesh will be extruded along with the geometry so 3-D elements will automatically be created in the volume. Step 5: Mesh the area Mesh control are specified in order to obtain a particular mesh density. Element edge length is set at 0.01 Note: Mesh density is very important. If the mesh is too coarse your result can contain serious errors. If the mesh is too fine, would cause waste of computer resources, experience excessively long run time, the model may be too large to be run on the computer system. Unfortunately it cannot be definitively specified how fine the mesh density should be. But one way to find out is to perform the analysis with what seems to be a reasonable mesh. Then reanalyse the problem with twice as many elements in the critical region and compare the results. If the two mesh give the same result then the mesh probably be adequate. If there is substantial difference between the two results then further refinement of the mesh is required. Step 6:- Extrude the meshed area into a meshed volume. The 3-D volume is generated by first changing the element type to SOLID 45, which is defined as element type 2, and then extruding the area into a volume. The number of element divisions is set as 10 Offsets of extrusion are set as 0, 0, 1.5 Tapering ratio is given as 0.33333, 0.25, 0 Apply loads Step 7:- Unselect 2-D elements Before applying constraints to the fixed end of the wing, unselect all the PLANE42 elements used in the 2-D area mesh since they will not be used for the analysis. Step 8:- Apply constraints to the model Constraints will be applied to all nodes located where the wing is fixed to the body. Select all nodes at z = 0, then apply the displacement constraints. Obtain Solution Step 9:- Specify analysis type and options Specify a modal analysis type. Number of modes to be extracted is given as 5 Number of modes to be expanded is given as 5 Step 10:- Solve Observe results Step 11:-List natural frequencies ***** INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE ***** SET TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE 1 11.964 1 1 1 2 40.840 1 2 2 3 100.05 1 3 3 4 144.08 1 4 4 5 182.70 1 5 5 Step 12:- Animate the two mode shapes. Set the results for the first mode to be animated. Observe the first mode shape. Animate the next mode shape. Observe the second mode shape. Repeat the same procedure to obtain the other three mode shapes. First Mode Shape Second Mode Shape Third Mode Shape Fourth Mode Shape Fifth Mode Shape 4. Comparison of Rayleigh-Ritz Method and Finite Element Method Rayleigh-Ritz method Rayleigh-Ritz method uses the principle of conservation of energy to formulate the matrix equation.one major advantage of this method is that it allows us to neglect the non-applied forces like forces at a point of rolling contact, forces at frictionless guides etc. Considering the method to be an extension of the Rayleigh method it has an improved accuracy by assuming the deflection curve of the beam to be Nevertheless the assumed function should satisfy all the boundary conditions and should be linearly independent. This can be easily achieved by using polynomial expression to derive the deflection function. Disadvantages and limitations The selection of assumed deflection function requires a good knowledge and expertise of the method Good approximation of the true natural modes are only possible as the assumed function are limited in numbers and nature All n modal solutions will not give a good approximation to the true mode, so it is necessary to discard some higher frequency modes. The approximations are only good for lower modes and it becomes worse for higher modes. The major limitation of this method is in the manner in which the strain energy can be expressed. Finite Element Method The finite element method (its practical application is often as Finite Element Analysis)is a powerful technique developed in the analysis of complex structural mechanics. In this method the structure is divided into large number of finite parts or elements which are interconnected at points called nodes. The elements will have properties like thickness, Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio etc. An assumption is made over the variation over the length of the element. This allows to find the displacement at any point in the given structure by introducing Disadvantages and limitations The method is not considered convenient for simple structures. Its a time consuming operation. Its accuracy depends on the number of elements the structure is divided. It does not provide a closed-form solution, denying analytical study of the effects of changing parameters. It needs a reliable program for support. Creating a good model requires experience. A good amount of data are required and voluminous output must be sorted and studied. Comparison of results Obtained by Rayleigh-Ritz Method Obtained by Finite Element Method % Difference 0.77% 26.82% There is difference of 26.82% for the second frequency of the system. The value obtained by the Rayleigh-Ritz method can be brought closer to accuracy by increasing the number of assumed functions and by improving their nature. Normally the approximation becomes worse as we move to higher modes .With use of only two assumed functions, the solutions obtained are considered to be satisfactory. Errors in Rayleigh-Ritz method To use the method with ease the assumed functions are kept as simple as possible by using simple polynomial functions and at fewer times only the functions of sine and cosine are used. There is no exact answer as to which function the good approximate value can be obtained. There are always some terms omitted in the function which results to an ineffective solution. This method is considered to be inflexible as the actual displacement of the structure is restricted to only the shape generated by superposing the finite number of functions selected by the analyst. Recommendation to improve Rayleigh-Ritz method The iterative process can be carried out with each time adding the term in the assumed function until it gives the exact value. Errors in Finite Element method Distorted mesh can result in flawed stiffness and mass terms Errors are always presented at joints and constrained boundaries due to uncertainty. Recommendation to improve Finite Element method Iterative method has to be applied to see the number of elements actually required to break down the structure so as to obtain more accurate value. Appropriate methods should be employed for remeshing like HYPERMESH, Mesh++ based on a posterior error. CONCLUSION The first and second natural frequencies of the given beam are found out by using both Rayleigh-Ritz method and Finite element method, and mode shapes for these frequencies are drawn.

Lord Of The Flies: Flames Of Determination :: essays research papers

Being a part of a group of children having to adapt after being trapped on a island with no surrounding civilization is an unimaginable situation. However, William Golding shows just how terrifying it can be in his novel, Lord Of The Flies, by his use of symbols to represent hardships. The main symbols, which best portrays characteristics are the fire and the conch; symbols leadership and confidence. Ralph feels the need to create a better place as he attempts to get everyone home. Although he is demanding, Ralph shows that he has good ideas and can enforce what he thinks should happen: "Shut up," said Ralph absently. He lifted the conch. "Seem to me we ought to have a chief to decide things," (Golding, 22)." His forcefulness gains respect and a confident response from the others. "Ralph smiled and held up the conch for silence," (Golding, 23)." The conch is mentioned and revered as one of the symbols of such power. As Ralph blows the conch, the others draw nearer, compelled to follow: "By the time Ralph had finished blowing the conch the platform was crowded," (Golding32). Piggy, however, was aware of the conch first, but Ralph was credited with its discovery and use. When it was first found, Ralph thought it was a stone in the water but Piggy saw it as the shell and explained what he knew about it: "A stone." "No. A shell." Suddenly Piggy was a-bubble with decorous excitement. "S'right. It's a shell! I seen one like that before. On someone's back wall. A conch he called it. The shell emits a deep harsh note boomed. Ralph was amazed at the sound. "Gosh!" (Golding, 17) The sheer importance of the discovery of the conch, in addition to its appealing sound, it symbolizes the unity of everyone. Ralph, again, shows his leadership abilities as he recognizes the use of the conch, "Conch?" "That's what this shell's called. I'll give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when he's speaking," (Golding, 33). This designation shows the beginnings of organization and sharpening skills of the children. Another symbol of strength and command is the fire. Enforcing the rules proves to be a difficult task, but the children would rather play than keep the fire going. Ralph gives the idea for the fire, but it seems to be a formidable task: There's another thing.

Evaluate the Foodservice Operation Essay

As time passes by, people were expecting also an improvement in the way cultural institutions would like to show what they got. If you have gone to a museum once, or other cultural institutions, you would probably go back some other time due to the liking in the place and its content. However, an expectation of seeking new experiences would probably be born onto you. Cultural institutions have been making many improvements and developments for the people visiting the place. Such improvements and developments are through exhibits, experiences, facilities, amenities, and many more. Together with the improvements is the food service. The fact that people are now becoming aware of the food trends which are probably seen in the television and the styles of serving and preparations of foods, the need for the improvement of the food service in this cultural institution is a must. Look at this; would anyone have much interest to go to the cafeteria in basement or in any place in the museum, having an old-fashioned theme, walking in a dark path? Someone might lose his/her appetite. Food service operations, such as having cafeterias, food courts and in any other form inside of the cultural institutions, enhance the satisfaction of the people who visits the place. In addition to that, it can also produce additional revenue for the institution and made the entire facility a place to go. Imagine, someone had to walk for a long time to see the cultural institutions have to show. Then the time he/she would be thinking of rest, he/she can then go to the cafeteria and have a rest while recharging his energy through eating. This is how Andy Zakrajsek explains how foodservice operations are important in such cultural institutions. He is the current director or retail businesses and the manager of the Brain Food Court together with the other operations regarding foodservice at the Museum of Science & Industry (Levin, 2006). Food Service Mission A place to rest and unwind The main mission of having a food service operation in a cultural institution is to give time for the people visiting their place a time to recharge, say after an 8-hour tiring strolling looking on what the place have to offer . A need for nourishment can be given by these food service facilities. Another thing is to give time for the visitors to sit beside their friends and families, while enjoying the beautiful scene of the place. Through this, visitors then have the opportunity to unwind and take some rest for the next hour/s going back to see more of the exhibits present on the place. To generate additional revenues Not only on the outside or special occasions are catering on the play. At the Museum of Science & Industry, there are also special events celebrated with which catering services held by the Brain Food Court under Andy Zakrajsek are on the roll. This catering on special events was considered to be one of the activities which generate a large amount of revenues. The museum and all other cultural institutions were designed to have a large area for special events and gathering such as large lobbies, atriums, amphitheaters, etc†¦ However, there is also a need for spacious places inside the cultural institutions; this is in addition to the accommodations needed for the gathering, but also the need for the foodservice preparations. Considering the costs of the foodservice preparations, having a place inside the cultural institution as the preparation area, will costs lesser than renting a place to takeover or a catering service outside, while earning greater profit. Must Adapt to Changes There are also called peak seasons and valley seasons on the museum. The number of visitors may vary from day-to-day or from season-to-season. For example, there can be thousands more of visitors which comes to visit the museum during summer, and by a hundred during winter (Johns, 2006). Due to this ‘seasons of change’, the foodservice must be adaptive to this kind of situation. The foodservice then must be flexible. Since there would be a large number to serve during warmer days, the foodservice operation must also consider the safety, but still must be in efficient manner. And in cold winter days, there must be an operation that shall consider the minimal staffing to lower the expenses. Andy Zakrajsek had thought of this problem and had also find solution to resolve this problem regarding the peaks and valleys. He said that having equipments and designs of the facilities which are flexible should be the best solution for a cafeteria and other foodservice facilities. The museum had undergone major renovations on their designs to adapt with the changes in numbers of guests that will arrive. Considering the case that occurs during cold winter days with which only a few numbers of guests arrives at the museum. The application of these flexible equipments and facilities can be seen; such as shutting down of some of the stations allocated for cooking. Doing this will lessen the costs for the amenities, and also to reduce some staffs. The need for an exceedingly flexible equipments and facilities is a must in order for the foodservice operations to handle the changes with regards to the numbers of crowds and the changing food trends. To Look Great while being Durable The food court and cafeterias are the one responsible for the foodservice operations. Together with other facilities and areas in the museum, the food court and cafeterias must also look really good as elaborated by Andy Zakrajsek. The museum’s food courts and cafeterias have been visited by a million and a half of visitors every year, many of them were kids. In addition to the foodservice operations, the manager of the foodservice operations had included in the food courts and cafeterias some carts, strollers and backpacks having buckles (Levin, 2006). This will make it easier for visitors to handle their kids, and for the place to be in control and in stillness. But these additional equipments must also be durable through time. There had been some changes together with the major renovations, on the floors and walls of the food courts and cafeterias. The food court and cafeteria’s floors were replaced by stain-proof and scratch-proof floorings while still having a nice design. As Andy Zakrajsek explained, they needed an industrial-level of surface materials while still giving an interesting look and designs. Educational Purpose One of the major purposes of the cultural institutions was to educate. Foodservice operations also included this purpose on their operations. There is a ledge purposely designed in front of the pizza and grill stations of the museum. This is made so that children can step onto it so that they can see and observe the cooks while working. The window protectors which divide the stations for cooking and the customer’s area were made of clear glasses which are in lower position relative to the customers view. This is an intended work so that the visitors can make a better look at the cooking and food preparation. Is it profitable? The manager of the Brain Food Court and the other foodservice operations of the Museum of Science & Industry, Andy Zakrajsek, had focused on two things. They made critical and complete evaluations on the foodservice operations. They had evaluated the department for the special events of the museum. The first thing they evaluated are the following; how it functions; how the food courts, cafeterias and foodservice operations connected to the museum and how will it serve the guests; and had also evaluated the quality of the management used and the staffs of the foodservice operation. The second thing they did is reviewing the catering program. The purpose of this is a way easy, the optimization of the income that the museum can earn. After the evaluations and reviews done, they made improvement and developments regarding the concerns stated above. The result is that the net income of the museum had increased up to 250% within five years (Greenbaum, 2004). What makes foodservice profitable is that it enhances the cultural institutions overall purpose, having cafeterias and food courts, catering and other special events and foodservices, make the increase in the number of visitors in the museum, this is the main supporting evidence how foodservice operations make the institution more profitable. As stated by the by Andy Zakrajsek, the catering on the special events held at the museum was considered one of the activities which generates a large amount of revenues. Conclusion The importance of the foodservice operations in cultural institution is extremely high. Thus, this implies that the planning about the foodservice operations must be included on the design process of every cultural institution. Summing it up, there is a critical role played by the foodservice operations in a cultural institution, and planning it up early and having it is one of the measures of success of the institution. Foodservice operations are responsible for the enhancements of the institution, which controls the increases the number of visitors, in which it brings huge revenues to the institution.

These Are -Some Adjectives

These Are -Some Adjectives These Are â€Å"-Some† Adjectives These Are â€Å"-Some† Adjectives By Mark Nichol The suffix -some has one of three functions. The most common function, the adjectival one, helps us enrich our vocabulary, and in some cases (especially when -some is attached to a heretofore unacquainted noun to create a nonce word) provides a whimsical or otherwise humorous tone. The adjectival use of -some (stemming ultimately from the Old English word for some) aids in characterizing something tangible or intangible. Some -some words are ubiquitous; others may be new to you. Here’s a nearly comprehensive list. 1. Awesome: This term, tragically weakened by hyperbolic usage, originally had the potent sense of â€Å"something inspiring awe.† (Awe, â€Å"a combination of wonder, dread, and profound respect,† came to us from the Old Norse word agi.) As a result, it is best avoided except in the most casual contexts. 2. Adventuresome: In Middle English, aventure meant â€Å"chance, risk† (ultimately from Latin adventus, â€Å"to arrive†). Adventuresome is a close synonym of adventurous, â€Å"inclined to undertake risks.† 3. Blithesome: Blithe, which comes down to us unchanged from Old English, means â€Å"happy† or â€Å"heedless†; blithesome refers to the former sense. 4. Bothersome: Bother’s etymology is unknown, but its meaning and that of bothersome is clear: A bother is a worry or an annoyance, and something bothersome arouses those feelings. 5. Burdensome: Burden (from the Middle English word byrthen, â€Å"something born, or carried†) is a load or a responsibility, and the connotation is usually negative, so a burdensome task or duty is an unpleasant one. 6. Chucklesome: This expression, based on the root word chuckle, â€Å"laugh† (itself derived from chuck, a variant of cluck, meaning â€Å"a click of the tongue†) means â€Å"inclined to laugh,† or â€Å"humorous.† 7. Cuddlesome: To cuddle (etymology unknown) is to hug, and something cuddlesome is worthy of such attention. 8. Cumbersome: The use of this term’s root word (â€Å"hinder, clutter,† from the Middle French word combre, â€Å"dam†) is rare, though encumber is more familiar. Cumbersome itself means â€Å"unwieldy† or â€Å"ponderous.† 9. Dolesome: This synonym for doleful is based on an archaic synonym for grief and means â€Å"sorrowful.† 10. Fearsome: Though this word can mean both â€Å"causing fear† and â€Å"feeling fear† (or, more accurately, â€Å"timid†), the former usage prevails. However, a third sense, also more common than the latter, is â€Å"extreme,† as in â€Å"fearsome ambition.† 11. Flavorsome: This synonym of flavorful is based on the term ultimately derived from the Latin word flatus, â€Å"breath† (which glad you asked is also the origin of flatulence). 12. Frolicsome: The root word, a borrowing from the Dutch word vroolijk, â€Å"happy,† means â€Å"playful† in English, so frolicsome refers to someone in such a mood. 13. Fulsome: This term, a combination of full and -some, is one of a class of words that have unfortunately acquired contradictory or confusing senses. Actually, fulsome started out that way, with the senses of â€Å"abundant, generous, well developed† competing with â€Å"offensive, overdone, effusive.† Although the negative senses long prevailed, they have been overtaken, though not thoroughly, by the positive ones. The result: Unless the context is clear, your readers may not know which sense you intend to convey. 14. Gladsome: This word, whose root is the word that means â€Å"expressing happiness or joy,† is a synonym for cheerful. 15. Gruesome: This word for something frightening or repulsive stems from the Middle English word gruen, â€Å"to shiver.† The root word is seldom used on its own, usually in horror fiction. 16. Handsome: Of all the some words, this one has perhaps the most interesting etymology. It originated in Middle English when hand, the word for the extension of the arm, was attached to -some to mean â€Å"easy to use.† The meaning was extended to â€Å"appropriate,† and from there is wasn’t too much of a leap to the sense of â€Å"attractive.† 17. Irksome: To irk is to weary or irritate, and something irksome arouses those feelings. 18. Lithesome: Lithesome and its variant, lissome, mean â€Å"nimble, flexible,† from an old English word for â€Å"slow.† 19. Loathsome: The root word now has a sense of â€Å"reluctant, unwilling,† but the Middle English word loth, from which it stems, means â€Å"evil,† and the modern definition of loathsome is â€Å"disgusting.† 20. Lonesome: This word means â€Å"feeling lonely.† 21. Lovesome: This term means â€Å"winsome† (see below) or â€Å"affectionate.† 22. Meddlesome: Meddle (from the Latin word miscere, â€Å"to mix†) means â€Å"to interfere,† and a meddlesome person, therefore, is a busybody. 23. Mettlesome: The previous term should not be confused with this word for â€Å"spirited,† from mettle, an alteration of metal with the connotation of â€Å"strength, stamina.† 24. Nettlesome: This synonym for irritating is based on nettle, the name for any of various plants that sting or have prickly parts. 25. Noisome: The root word for this synonym for harmful or objectionable is not noise but Middle English noy, â€Å"annoyance.† However, considering that noise ultimately stems from the Latin word nausea, which English borrowed directly, perhaps they’re related after all. 26. Quarrelsome: Quarrel (from the Latin word querela, â€Å"complaint† which is also the source of querulous but not of query) means â€Å"to struggle or dispute,† and a quarrelsome person is one inclined to fight or argue. 27. Tiresome: This word’s meaning stems from the senses of tire meaning â€Å"to fatigue or bore.† A tiresome person or situation is one that causes fatigue or boredom. 28. Toilsome: Toil means â€Å"strenuous labor,† and a toilsome task is an unusually laborious one. 29. Toothsome: This synonym for attractive or delicious, with a reference to the toothsome person or provender’s impact on the teeth as an extension of the sense of taste, may seem a fairly recent coinage, but it is in fact hundreds of years old. 30. Troublesome: Trouble (ultimately from the Latin word turbulentus, from which turbulent is also derived) is the root of this word meaning â€Å"difficult, causing trouble.† 31. Venturesome: The root word of this term is an alteration of adventure, and venturesome is a synonym of adventuresome (see above), but it has an distinct sense of â€Å"hazardous† as well. 32. Wearisome: This word’s root is a synonym for tired, and wearisome is, likewise, another word for tiresome (see above). 33. Wholesome: The root word is whole (from the Middle English word hool, â€Å"healthy, unhurt, entire,† ultimately from Old English hal, from which we also derive hale), but the word means not only â€Å"healthy† but also â€Å"proper, prudent, safe.† It is the only word on this list with an antonym formed simply by appending the prefix -un. 34. Winsome: The meanings of winsome are â€Å"charming† or â€Å"cheerful,† but the root is derived not from the Old English predecessor of win, as in â€Å"to achieve victory† (winnan, â€Å"struggle†) but from the same language’s term wynn, â€Å"joy.† (However, both winnan and wynn probably ultimately stem from the Latin word venus, â€Å"desire.†) 35. Worrisome: A worrisome thought or deed is simply one that provokes worry, or concern. The other, more pedestrian uses of the suffix -some are to attach it to one of several numbers to indicate a group of people, as in twosome, threesome, and foursome (fivesome and sixsome are also listed in at least one unabridged dictionary, but the suffix is not applied to larger numbers) or to convey an approximation, as in â€Å"Twenty-some people attended the meeting.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Homograph ExamplesHyper and Hypo50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

revolution essays

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Ethics modules Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics modules - Essay Example The investigator chooses a case-control design with paired lifestyle interviews and a few blood and urine tests and assigns a study manager to identify patients with the diagnosis from the pathology logbook that lists names. The study manager would then ask each patients primary physician for permission to contact the patient. Which of the following is required before the investigator begins the study? The Belmont Report defines and delineates between "Practice" and "Research" , describes the concept of "Respect for Person" and provides formulations for the ethical distribution of research benefits and risks (Principle of Justice). The Belmont report does not describe the necessity to effectively manage conflicts of interest as an example of the Principle of Justice. The best answer is "heightened awareness". In 1966 Dr. Henry K. Beecher, wrote an article describing numerous research studies with controversial ethics, conducted by reputable researchers and published in major journals. Beecher concluded, "unethical or questionably ethical procedures are not uncommon." Beechers article played an important role in heightening the awareness of researchers, the public, and the press to the problem of unethical human subjects research. In order to meet the definition of research with human subjects a researcher must obtain data about a living individual through interaction or intervention or obtain individually identifiable private information. Although à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“public behaviorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  may be construed differently from setting to setting, public behavior is, by definition, not private information. Information without identifiers that is publicly available is also not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"private identifiable informationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ so it too does not meet the definitional requirements. Information that is publicly available is also not considered to involve human subjects

IDENTITY THEFT CAN AFFECT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IDENTITY THEFT CAN AFFECT - Research Paper Example During 2012, more than 12 million reported being victims of identity fraud in America. The number showed an increase from that reported in 2011 and 2010: the figures reported were USD 11.6 and 10.2 million respectively (Javelin Strategy & Research, 2013). The average costs incurred by the victims of identity theft were USD 365 (Javelin Strategy & Research, 2013). This paper will explore the growth of identity theft, its effects on individuals and the wider community and the types of identity theft. The problem of identity theft and identity fraud is worsened by the lack of cyber borders and the increase in globalization, which make it possible for identity thieves to commit crimes within and outside the borders of the US. The commission of these crimes within and outside the country makes the work of investigating them more difficult. The fact that the criminals possess numerous identities and also the fact that they may use networks to engage in the crimes also challenges the investigative role of law enforcement officials (Finklea, 2013). Additionally, identity theft is often connected and committed in tandem with other crimes, ranging from bank fraud, credit card theft and employment and immigration fraud. More importantly, it is necessary to take into account that the impacts of identity theft and fraud felt by businesses and individuals are not only limited to financial burdens, but also other important areas (Javelin Strategy & Research, 2013). For example, in assessing the national impacts felt by the US, it is important to note that identity theft and the associated crimes affect the health of the national economy and also the security of the nation. It is necessary to take into account that, in many cases, policy makers have differed over the role of the federal government in preventing the crime, mitigating its effects, providing the best