History of American Journalism Essay - 1148 Words

Humans, it seems, have an innate need to feel connected on a global level with one another. Our history as a civilization shows the importance that we have placed on sending and retrieving the latest news so that we may be ever informed on the happenings of the world. Beginning at first with the sending of messages of news to each other through conversations to the press explosion that Gutenberg set off with the invention of his printing press, people remained connected. The idea of public in the eyes of journalism has changed, in some aspects, over the course of time in America. In the beginning American’s were given Party Presses that were funded and exclusively wrote about wealthy political candidates at the time and in time came†¦show more content†¦These, of course, weren’t the only literature being spread around during this time but two of the most prominent. As papers moved away from having a single rich beneficiary they needed to provided for their cost of operation and decided to do so through the use of advertisements. As the United States government did not choose to begin its own newspaper or to fund any of the existing papers, the use of advertising as a means to operate the newspaper became commercialized and the concept of acting like a business became strengthened. The first of such came from a man named Volney Palmer in 1841 who was the first commercial advertising broker. (Cramer 2009) As newspapers became more and more popular a division in the readership became more and more notable. Throughout the 1830’s and 1860’s women and African American’s were forbidden to learn how to read and thus were left out of the new whirlwind of excitement that shrouded their daily lives in the aspects of political reform, economy etc. This rift in coverage and who was allowed to be seen as the audience through a mainstream lens lead to the creation of alternative presses which began prior to the Civil War in the form of abolition presses decreeing slavery to be inhumane. (Cramer 2009) The ebbs and flows of popular opinion and dissent are spread forth throughout the written word history of America. Editors for centuries have decided whatShow MoreRelatedReview of the Objective of Norm in American by Michael Schudson907 Words   |  4 PagesThe objective of norm in American, by Michael Schudson, explores how and why the objective norms developed in American journalism. 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According to Tim Harrower in the third edition of Inside Reporting, â€Å"In Caesar’s age, Romans read newspapers handwritten by slaves. Wandering minstrels spread news (and the plague) in the Middle Ages† (Harrower 8). â€Å"The history of newspapers is an often-dramatic chapter of the human experience back some five centuries† (Barber 2015). Notably, the first newspaper printed in America was entitled â€Å"Publick Occurrences Both Foreign and Domestick,† by Benjamin Harris. HarrisRead More Journalism and the American Renaissance Essay1721 Words   |  7 PagesJournalism and the American Renaissance      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The period in American Literature known as the American Renaissance was a time of great change in our country. It was an age of westward expansion and social conflict. Americans were divided on such volatile issues as slavery, reform and sectionalism that ultimately led to the Civil War. Emerging from this cauldron of change came the voice of a new nation - a nation with views and ideals all its own. The social, economic, technological and demographicRead MoreEssay on The Watergate Scandal1199 Words   |  5 Pages June 17, 1972 forever changed both journalism and politics. A simple botched break-in marked the downfall of President Richard Nixon, and the rise to glory of two obscure young Washington Post journalists: Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward. While their investigative journalism revealed the truth, their questionable methods and ethics have led to these questions; Do the ends justify the means? Was their behavior ethical and legal? The Watergate Scandal was a major political scandal duringRead MoreEssay on How Sensationalism Affects Eve1135 Words   |  5 Pages How Sensationalism Affects Everyone Involved In today ¡Ã‚ ¦s society journalism is under close scrutiny and is losing its credibility. 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The Handmaids Tale By Margaret Atwood And Catching Fire By...

â€Å"Dystopia is an imagined place or state in which everything is unpleasant or bad typically in a totalitarian or an environmentally degraded one† (www.oxforddictionaries.com).The text, The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood and Catching Fire by Suzanne Collins deal with the main idea of societal restraint. Both authors portray a protagonist who is living in a totalitarian society. The protagonists in both novels have harsh limitations which they must abide to. The authors use setting, oppression, and symbolism as restraint for societal control. Setting is a demonstration of restraint because in both novels the city/district has a barrier, which limits the movement of the citizens. Oppression demonstrates restraint because the society is†¦show more content†¦It models the conventions of dystopia by using setting as a restraint for the society in the novels. In The Handmaids Tale the narrator, Offred, has desires which cannot be fulfilled due to the restraint over he r. For example, one of the restraints over all the citizens of Gilead is that they cannot read, so they use pictures to represent things. Another example from The Handmaids Tale is in the beginning of the book, it’s when Offred is talking about her past life. â€Å"The guards weren’t allowed inside the building except when called, and weren’t allowed out, except for our field walks, twice daily, two by two around the football field, which was enclosed now by a chain link fenced topped with barbed wire† (Atwood 4). The citizens who are staying at the place described as a gymnasium, have limitations to where they are allowed to go. This is done by the ruler of Gileadean society because he does not want the society to feel truly free. The ruling power does not want the citizens to go beyond the limits of the district/area. Similarly in Catching Fire citizens of Panem are separated into different districts. There are thirteen districts and the main character Katniss lives in district 12. Early in the text Katniss was illegally hunting, for food. â€Å"By the time I make it back through the fence that surrounds district 12, the sun is well up. As always I listen a moment, but there is no telltale of electrical

Lord of the Rings Fellowship of the Ring Summary Free Essays

Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring The Fellowship of the Ring is the first book in a trilogy of books. The main character is Frodo Baggins. Frodo is one of many unusual creatures that are not heard of normally in books called Hobbits. We will write a custom essay sample on Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring Summary or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hobbits are quiet, peace-loving, simple creatures. They enjoy leisure activities and generally do not like to take risks or go on adventures. Hobbits who like to do such things are looked down to by society, and are generally considered queer-folk. And this is a story about one of those hobbits and his friends. The story starts off at Bilbo and Frodo’s birthday party, Bilbo is Frodo’s uncle. Bilbo had built up a reputation of being queer, and having gold hidden in his home. He had previously gone on an adventure in the book The Hobbit. In the book, Bilbo finds a ring, a ring that later he finds, holds magical properties. And when he feels the need to go on one last adventure and leave the Shire all together, he disappears at the end of his party, leaving the ring to Frodo. â€Å"Even the smallest person can change the course of the future. –Galadriel, elf queen. Gandalf, who is a wise wizard who accompanied Bilbo on his adventure in The Hobbit, fills Frodo in on what needs to be done to the ring, and that he needs to leave the Shire, possibly forever. Frodo is accompanied by: Samwise Gamgee, Frodo’s best friend; Peregrin Took, also known as Pippin; Meriadoc Brandybuck, also known as Merry; and later on is joined by Aragorn, a ranger who is known as Strider; Lego las, an elf friend of Aragorn’s; Gimli, a dwarf who befriends the group; and Boromir, a man from Gondor. They travel from the Shire to the lawn of Parth Galen, which is where the Fellowship separates. Pippin and Merry are captured by a battalion of Orcs, which Aragorn, Legolas, and Gimli follow in pursuit. Boromir falls trying to protect the two hobbits, and Frodo tries to escape to go to Mordor alone, but Sam follows him and soon Frodo is glad to have him along. Gandalf had died fighting a Balrog in Moria. Frodo changes from being light-hearted and spirited to dark, and serious. The ring starts to change him, and it starts to be a burden to carry. He is constantly tempted to slip it on in times of danger. And he soon finds out that he cannot trust anyone. This book was banned and challenged, because of the black magic, and the idea of good versus evil. Personally, I do not think it should be banned or challenged. It really doesn’t have anything that stands out to me as something that no one should read, or even be restricted. I see no problem with the ideas of magic and good versus evil. This book is such a good read. The story is very thorough and detailed, giving the reader a clear image of what is happening. This book is valued as entertainment, and an adventure to experience. I loved the book, I thought it was a great read and would recommend it to anyone who loves fantasy, and who loves adventures, because that is what it is, a fantasy and an adventure. The ending is a major cliffhanger! It draws you in and leaves you begging for more, therefore I am going to start the sequel as soon as possible. How to cite Lord of the Rings: Fellowship of the Ring Summary, Papers

Eli Whitney Essay Research Paper By 1790 free essay sample

Eli Whitney Essay, Research Paper By 1790 bondage was on the diminution in America. Apart from baccy, rice, and a particular strain of cotton that could be grown merely in really few topographic points, the South truly had no money harvest to export. Tobacco was a land wastrel, consuming the dirt within really few old ages. Land was so inexpensive that baccy plantation owners neer bothered to repossess the dirt by harvest rotary motion # 8212 ; they merely found new land further west. The other harvests # 8212 ; rice, anil, maize, and some wheat # 8212 ; made for no great wealth. Slaves cost something, non merely to purchase but to keep, and some Southern plantation owners thought that conditions had reached a point where a slave # 8217 ; s labour no longer paid for his attention. Eli Whitney came to the South in 1793, handily plenty, during the clip when Southern plantation owners were in their most despairing yearss. In a small over a hebdomad, he started the biggest avalanche of production that any economic sy stem had of all time experienced. The South would neer be the same once more. Eli Whitney was born on December 8, 1765 in Westboro, Massachusetts. The tall, heavy-shouldered male child worked as a blacksmith. He had an about natural apprehension of mechanisms. On a machine made at place, he made nails, and at one clip he was the lone shaper of ladies # 8217 ; hatpins in the state. In his early mid-twentiess, Whitney became determined to go to Yale College. Since Yale was largely a school for jurisprudence or divinity, his parents objected. How could Yale College aid heighten his mechanical endowments? Finally, at the age of 23, Whitney became a pupil at Yale. By this clip, he seemed about middle-aged to his schoolmates. After he graduated with his grade in 1792, he found that no occupations were available to a adult male with his endowments. He finally settled for instruction, and accepted a occupation as a coach in South Carolina, his wage was promised to be one hundred guineas a twelvemonth. He sailed on a little coasting package with merely a few riders, among whom was the widow of the Revolutionary general, Nathanael Greene. The Greenes had settled in Savannah after the war. When Whitney arrived in South Carolina, he found that the promised wage was traveling to be halved. He non merely refused to take the place, but decided to give up learning all together. Coming to his assistance, Mrs. Greene invited him to her plantation where he could read jurisprudence, and besides assist out the plantation director, Phineas Miller. Miller, a few old ages older than Whitney, was a Yale alumna and the bride-to-be of Mrs. Greene. Whitney accepted the offer. Over clip Whitney got settled in, and one twenty-four hours while neighbours were sing the plantation, their conversation fell to discoursing the bad times. There was no money harvest whatsoever ; the lone assortment of cotton that would turn in that part was the practically useless green seed assortment. Ten hours of manual work was needed to divide one point of lint from three lbs of the little tough seeds. Until some sort of machine could be built to make the work, the green seed cotton was little better than a weed. Catching their conversation, Mrs. Greene jumped in, # 8220 ; Gentlemen, apply to my immature friend, Mr. Whitney. He can do anything. # 8221 ; Phineas Miller and Mrs. Green urged Whitney to analyze the procedure in which the cotton was cleaned, and see if he could make some kind of machine to make this work faster and more expeditiously. Whitney found that the procedure was really pretty simplistic ; one manus held the seed while the other manus sorted out the little strands of lint. Whitney tried to do a machine that about mirrored this procedure. To take the topographic point of a manus keeping the seed, he made a kind of screen of wires stretched lengthways. It took longer to do the wire than it did to thread it ; the proper sort of wire was nonexistent. To make the work of the fingers which pulled out the lint, Whitney had a membranophone rotate past the screen about touching it. On the surface of the membranophone there were little, hook-shaped wires projecting out that caught the lint from the seed. The wires on the sieve held the seeds back while the lint was pulled off. A coppice, which rotated four times every bit fast as the membranophone, cleaned off the lint from the maulers. That was all at that place was to Whitney # 8217 ; s cotton gin. It neer became more complicated than that. A presentation of his first theoretical account was given to a few friends. In one hr, he produced what would usually be a full twenty-four hours # 8217 ; s work for several workers. With no more than the promise that Whitney would patent the machine and do a few more, the work forces who had witnessed the presentation instantly ordered whole Fieldss to be planted with green seed cotton. Word got around the territory so quickly that Whitney # 8217 ; s workshop was broken unfastened and his machine examined. Within a few hebdomads, more cotton was planted than Whitney could possible hold ginned in a twelvemonth of doing new machines. Before Whitney had a opportunity to finish his patented theoretical account, the prematurely deep-rooted cotton came to growing. With a crop pressure on them, plantation owners had no clip to wait for the legal mulct points to be sorted out. The cotton gin was pirated in a heart-beat. Whitney went into partnership with Miller. Whitney was to travel north to New Haven, procure his patent, and get down fabricating machines, while Miller was to stay in the South and see that the machines were placed. The spouses # 8217 ; first program was that no machine was to be sold, but installed for a per centum of the net income earned. Since they had no thought that cotton seting would take topographic point in such mass proportions, they did non cognize that they were inquiring for an understanding that would gain them 1000000s of dollars a twelvemonth. Miller # 8217 ; s thought was to take one lb of every three of cotton, but the plantation owners didn’t want to follow. By the clip Whitney and Miller were willing to settle for straight-out sale or even a little royalty on every machine made by person else, the sum of money due to them was hideous. He and Miller were now profoundly in debt and their lone autumn back was to travel to tribunal ; unluckily, every tribunal they could travel to was in cotton state. Finally in 1801, eight old ages after the cotton inundation started, Miller and Whitney were willing to settle for grants from cotton-growing provinces and in return, the cotton gin would be public belongings within each single province boundary. The two work forces were inquiring $ 100,000 from each province, but merely one province made a counter offer of half the asking monetary value. In despair, Whitney accepted the monetary value of $ 50,000 for which he merely received a down payment of $ 20,000 and no more. The undermentioned twelvemonth, North Carolina followed along, but alternatively of the grants, it levied a revenue enhancement on every gin in the province. This amount, less 6 per cent for aggregation, went to Whitney and Miller ; this added another $ 20,000 to the pot. Tennessee paid about $ 10,000, and at that place was another $ 10,000 from other provinces. The gross income was $ 90,000, but most of this was owed for legal costs and other disbursals. In 1803, the provinces recalled their understandings and sued Whitney for all the money paid to him and his spouse. That twelvemonth entirely the cotton harvest earned close to ten million dollars for the plantation owners. The monetary value of slaves had doubled, and work forces where no longer concerned with the wellbeing of others. At one concluding effort of redemption, Whitney applied to the federal Congress for alleviation in 1804 and, by one ballot, was saved from entire ruin. This 39 twelvemonth old adult male had a worthless patent, he was penniless, and most of the past 10 old ages had been wasted in courtrooms. With no where else to travel, he gave up on cotton, the cotton gin, and the South forever. Whitney returned to New Haven, in hopes of get downing fresh. He wasn # 8217 ; t sure at first which manner he should travel, but he was about to come in the non as celebrated, but most productive clip of his life. Whitney changed the South in ways that no other adult male of all time did. He was now traveling to alter the North into a system that is still in consequence today. Whitney was traveling to get down and contrive the system that was to go known as the # 8220 ; American System of Manufacture. # 8221 ; This is the historical significance of Eli Whitney. At this clip, there was merely a little smattering of skilled mechanics. Whitney was really cognizant of this, and proceeded to contrive something that would turn out to be far more utile than some machine. He would contrive a system of fabrication that would let anyone to bring forth high quality goods, no affair what skill degree. This system was foremost developed with the fabrication of rifles. Whitney, without a individual mill, or even a machine, persuaded the U.S. authorities to give him an order of 10 thousand muskets at $ 13.40 each, all to be delivered within two old ages. Merely a adult male with the position of discoverer of the cotton gin could # 8217 ; ve talked the authorities into doing such a large committedness. Coming from anyone else except Eli Whitney, the proposal would # 8217 ; ve sounded loony. Up until this clip, every rifle was handmade from stock to barrel. The parts of one gun were non interchangeable with any other gun, and weren # 8217 ; t expected to be. Whitney # 8217 ; s program was to do all the parts of his rifles about indistinguishable so that they could be interchangeable from one gun to another. He accomplished this by taking one gun, and doing a templet from each single portion of the gun. Whitney # 8217 ; s following undertaking was to contrive the machine to cut the metal harmonizing to the templets. A metal home base was clamped to a tabular array, so the templet was placed over top. A cutting tool so followed along the lineations of the templet. Normally, a chisel would be used as the cutting tool, nevertheless, a chisel required skill. To work out this job, Whitney took an Fe wheel, and carved out dentition around the perimeter, doing it look slightly like a cogwheel. The border of each tooth was so sharpened and hardened. With this wheel, there was a uninterrupted rotary motion of chisel shots at precisely the same topographic point, doing every portion identical. This machine, a little portion of the full system, was a major invention in itself. Whitney named it the milling machine, and remained unchanged in design for over a century and a half. Whitney had thirty thousand dollars in bonds from his friends in New Haven, and he personally borrowed 10 thousand dollars from the New Haven bank. The amount involved in this large order, $ 134,000, was the biggest individual dealing in the state at that clip. By so terminal of the first twelvemonth, Whitney was merely acquiring into production, a large achievement for those times, but alternatively of the four 1000 muskets he had promised, there were merely five hundred produced. When intelligence of this got to Whitney # 8217 ; s fiscal angels, they became dubious. All in all, it took Whitney about eight old ages to make full the full order. There were still many spreads in his system. There were eternal bugs to be worked out, nevertheless, most of the 10 1000 muskets were produced in the last two old ages. In 1811, Whitney took another order, this clip for 15 thousand. These were all produced in merely two old ages. Whitney continued on with his development of the mill until his decease on January 8, 1825. Unfortunately, Whitney has been all but forgotten. He is largely remembered as # 8220 ; the cotton adult male, # 8221 ; and nil else. However, without the inventiveness and dedication of this person, who knows where the universe might be today.